B2B Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

B2B Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Also, there should be a target of assigning the necessary resources to the segments that are being profitable. This strategy might not be immediately very profitable, as there will probably be some more inherent costs, even though some profit is expected, which will help in the company's actual financial situation. It is essential to start thinking about producing and marketing new products with the same characteristics which the actual consumers need. The products that the customers want to be on the market should be concentrated on, rather than continuing to offer the same customized products. I have learned from this simulation that in order to create demand, there has to be adequate investment in hiring of sales offices, web centers, customer service, promotions and advertising. I feel that for better profitability, there must be good relations with suppliers and customers. "Effective change requires reinforcing new behaviors, attitudes and organizational practices" (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2004). Also, having the right products, in the exact moment seems to require quite some time, and I think this is another important issue to be considered. When an organisation has produced the right product or services, they would want to deliver it according to current products and happenings in the actual market, and also according to what the competition is doing. I think it is important for the company to examine what the priorities are, and to review the currently established brand service prices. Effectiveness of Strategy According to Kreitner and Kinicki, there are three stages in this strategy or model of planned change, and this strategy is instrumental in initiating, managing and stabilizing the change process. The three stages of planned change are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. Unfreezing focuses on creating the motivation to change, changing focuses on providing employees with new information, behavioral models and new ways of looking at things. Refreezing is the final stage used to help employees integrate the changed behavior into the every day process of doing business. Once employees are provided the opportunity to exhibit the new behavior, positive reinforcement is needed to reinforce the desire change (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2004) Works cited Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (2003). Organizational behavior 6e. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved February 12, 2007 from University of PhoenixResource, MBA520 Resource optimization website http://forio.com/pdasim.htm

EVA Calculation and comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EVA Calculation and comparison - Essay Example The chart below indicates that Walgreens EVA scores have been on the rise in the past three years. CVS' EVA scores have been falling and indicate that CVS needs to examine its resource utilization methods and decide what to do turn its scores around. The goal of any organization is to lower its costs while increasing profitability. There are many methods organizations can use. In the three year window examined (2004, 2005, 2006). Initially Walgreens' total assets were slightly higher than CVS'. Then CVSs were reported as slightly higher than Walgreens. Walgreens consistently outspends CVS for cost of goods sold. The higher the cost of goods sold the lower the profits. But, Walgreens consistently reports 10% on ROA (return on assets). CVS reports between 6.3% and 8% ROA. Walgreens has a bigger share of the market and consistently outperforms CVS. But, the difference is not so big that n any one year CVS could come out on top. The current earnings are so close that a good year could put CVS ahead. Both pharmacies could benefit from strategies to differentiate them in the market and draw in a greater share of the market in pharmacy sales. Walgreens has begun doing so by advertising itself as "your pharmacy" and "there's my pharmacy next to work""there's my pharmacy close to home"(TV commercials). .. Sales $37,006,200 Cash $513,400 N/P $774,200 COGS $27,105,000 A/R $2,080,700 A/P $3,988,900 Gross $9,901,200 Inventory $5,719,800 Accrd Exp $59,500 Prepaids $78,800 SG&A $7,881,700 TTL Cur $8,392,700 TTL Cur $4,822,600 EBIT $2,019,500 PP&E $3,952,600 LTD $1,594,100 Interest $110,500 GoodWill $1,789,900 TTL Liabilities $6,416,700 EBT $1,909,000 intangible $802,200 Other Assets $223,500 Equity $535,500 33.96% Tax $648,300 LTA Charges $122,500 EAT $1,260,700 TTL Assets $15,283,400 TTL Liab & Equity $6,952,200 ROA 8.20% ROE 235.40% Debt $2,368,300 0.8200 0.01 0.82% equity $535,500 0.1800 1.4894 26.81% $2,903,800 27.63% 18.25% EVA -10.05% Table 2 Table 3 31-Dec-03 Assets Liabilities & Equity Sales $26,588,000 Cash $843,200 N/P $3,166,000 COGS $26,588,000 A/R $1,601,700 A/P 0 Gross $26,588,000 Inventory $4,016,500 Accrd Exp $323,200 Prepaids $35,100 SG&A $5,439,400 TTL Cur $6,496,500 TTL Cur $3,489,200 EBIT $1,423,600 PP&E $2,542,100 LTD $1,032,100 Interest $48,100 GoodWill $889,000 TTL Liabilities $4,521,300 EBT $1,375,500 Intangible $403,700 Other Assets $211,800 Equity $207,800 38.40% Tax $528,200 LTA Charges 0 EAT $847,300 TTL Assets $10,543,100 TTL Liab & Equity $4,729,100 ROA 8.00% ROE 407.70% Debt $4,198,100 0.9500 0.010639 1.01% equity $207,800 0.0500 0.3538 1.77% $4,405,900 2.78% 1.71% EVA 6.29% Works Cited: Ecoach. EVA. Retrieved 2007-02-09

Leadership theories and models

Leadership theories and models Task 1: Definition of leadership: Leadership can be defined through different ways. But in simple, leadership is the process of motivating or influencing the group of people to do something or doing their work more effectively and efficiently. To be a leader, a person must have the ability to motivate or influence other people. In fact, leaders and followers use the leadership as a process of motivating and influencing others for gaining the objectives of an organization. There exist more similarities between leadership and management in different sector such as: motivating or influencing people and these are done both by manager and also leader. The process of leadership and management are done with the people. The main purpose of leadership and management is to accomplish the goal effectively. There are many activities of management which are similar with the function of leadership. But some dissimilarity is existed between leadership and management. A manager of British Airways should have the ability to lead to other that means he should has the skill of leadership because as a manager he plays the role of managerial and also leader. But the leader doesnt need to play the role of manager. Leadership theories and models: There are lots of theories regarding the leadership. Such as: trait theories, contingency theory, behavioural theory, participative theory, situational theories. These theories are described below: Behavioural approach: In case of behavioural leadership, the Ohio State Studies uses the questionnaire on leadership behaviour and conduct a sample survey through this questionnaire on different school, manufacturing companies or leaders of students. After completing the survey, the studies of Ohio State get the two different views of leadership which identifies the roles and responsibilities of leaders. These two aspects are: the leadership behaviour which is task oriented and another one is consideration. First one that is task oriented behaviour mainly consist the activities of directing, monitoring and designing the employees work and the consideration implies the leaders behaviour or concern towards their welfare, help them and monitoring their task accomplishment. http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Int-Loc/Leadership-Theories-and-Studies.html There is another study which is done on leadership behaviour that is Michigan study. This study mainly focuses on the methods and processes of leadership which is indicated to the subordinates performance and their satisfaction to the job. Simply, it can be said that this study is related to the productivity and the employee. (http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Int-Loc/Leadership-Theories-and-Studies.html) Contingency approach: Contingency approach is also called situational approach. This approach is also concentrated on the team work and indicated to the activities of the leader to motivate his subordinates to work as a group and this group work or the leaders orientation on this is more effective. Contingency theories include Path goal, situational theory etc. and also the contingency theory of Fiedler. According to Fiedler contingency theory, the role of leader should be task- oriented in both the situation of favorable or unfavorable. But this theory was not clearly defined about the style of leadership. Path goal theory indicated to the performance of subordinate that is their experience, performance, their skills and ability etc. and to the working environment which is related to style of group work, authority system, quality of task etc. Impact of leadership styles: Two different styles of leadership: There are various styles of leadership which are used in different situations within the organization and the examples of these styles of leadership are: autocratic leadership, bureaucratic leadership, charismatic, democratic or participative, laissez faire, task oriented and transactional leadership etc. Among these forms of leadership styles, here I make comparison among the autocratic and democratic leadership. 1. Autocratic leadership: Transactional leadership with an extreme form is considered as the autocratic leadership where absolute power has been contained by the leaders to direct their worker or subordinates or team. Little opportunities are getting by the members of staff and team in order to suggestion making which is related with the best interest of the team or organization. It has been intended by many people to treat in this way of liking by them. Hence, the situations of high level absenteeism and the turnover of staff within the organization are leaded by the autocratic leadership. Therefore, effectiveness of this style of leadership is shown on the job of routine and unskilled work, the reason of which is that disadvantages can be outweighing by the control advantages. 2. Democratic leadership: Though, final decisions are made by the democratic leaders where other team members are invited by them to make contribution towards the process of decision making. Job satisfaction is not merely increasing by this through the involvement of the members of team, but it also provides support to skills development of the people. The team members can control their destiny by themselves through which they get motivation for working hard by getting the financial reward. The reason of which is time is needed to make participation of the members of team and may be more time is needed but the better result can be come. The situation on when this approach is used, in the time of working on a team as required and when quality gets more priority rather than the market speed or the productivity of the workers. Leadership Qualities: Leadership skill is considered as the managerial skill which is used for the purpose of motivating the peoples of the group in order to achieve the common goal. In this competitive market, it is very much needed to contain the skill of leadership by the manager through which he or she can lead the organization effectively and efficiently. Leadership is mainly related with the capacity where leader contains the capacity to listen others opinion and observe the activities of employees. Not only is this, in the decision making areas, the skills very much needed for the manager of an organization. One more thing is that if the employees are not motivated to do their works then the business cant be run and the manager with leadership skill can be greatly motivated to the employees of their works and try to give their best. 1. Forecasting and planning: the leader should have clear vision in relation to the forecasting and make planning within the organization from the perspective of SMART objectives of achievable, measurable, specific, realistic, and time boundary. 2. Organizing: leader should make the structure of the plan several parts are made for the specific task so that it can be easily get understand by the employees and as well as can be easily accomplished leader should determine the resources such as: the resources of human, monetary, technology and materials make sure about the work of sensitivity and job security of the employees 3. Command manager should have to distribute the task among the employees manager should maintain the level of hierarchy within the organization and as well as reported this controlling activities are taking by the manager for the purpose of leading the work force 4. Co-ordination manager should unified and harmonised the activities of the organization and as well as organized these activities the manager supervise the activities of the organization as coordinated and the activities and efforts are also harmonised and unified by the manager manager should also provide the support to the organization and as well as the employees of the organization to do their job and motivate them lead the organization and along with motivate the subordinates to give their best efforts on their job Task 2: For the purpose of describing the companies present status on the current condition of economy, after that, the significant changes which have been occurred since from the last five years within these organizations and positive or negative effect of the changes on these organizations, it should be needed to analyse the internal and external factors of the organizational changes where all these subject matter are explained. Internal factors: 1. Technology infrastructure: In order to exchanging the information, facilitating the system of communication and operating the business, internet plays the significant roles which can be included on current infrastructure of technology. British Airways, on this organization, rapid changes are happened on the technological sectors and as well more knowledge is demanded for ensuring effective management system within these organizations for the purpose of resources managing and along with developing these resources where competitive advantage is also maintained by the organization. 2. Change in leadership: Services are restructuring by these organizations such as: British Airways for the purpose of fulfilling the customer demand. It seems to be very difficult to spend money by the organization for solving each and every problem and this matter is well known the top leader of the organizations. In relation to solve the problem, workers of highly committed and flexible are needed within the organization. For make adjustment with the recent changes of the organization, great support can be getting from the leader in order to change the attitude of the employees for the purpose of accepting or welcoming the new changes. 3.Change in Employees Morale and Motivation: Employees morale and motivation are affected by making changes on leadership policies and practices in British Airways. It may also affect the productivity, production and profits of these organizations. External factors: For the purpose becoming successful in the current condition of the world, the organizations also should focus on the external environmental factors, along with the considerations are given toward the internal environment by the organizations. Resources and employees are included on the internal factors where external factors consist of political, economical, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors. Through describing these factors, it can be found out about the current conditions of the organization and the positive and negative effect of changes on the organizations. Political factors: In modern organizations such as: British Airways, there has the significant affects of the global politics. The activities of global politics for example: the incident of 9/11, Soviet Union collapse, Germanys reunification, WTO policies, have significant effect on the British Airwayss business operation and the results of which may impede the development of the organization. Economic factor: British Airways, this organization handle the scarce resource allocation which is related with the economic system. The economic progress of the country is done by leaps and bounds as the phase of progress. In the flourishing stage of economy rising level of peoples standard of living may result to grow the business of British Airways. Social factor: Inspiration, outlook and activity are considered as the foundation of the progress of the society in relation to the human affairs. Therefore, customer actions which are related with the approach and activities of them keep contribution on affecting the business of British Airways. There are some factors for example: level of maturity, vocation type and along with activities of sparing time and these factors are considered as the basis of bringing changes on the attitude and approach of the customer which results the changes of growing the business of British Airways. Technological factors: Tremendous effect is brought by the technological factors in order to the operation of the business development of British Airways and their status and as well as their program of marketing. These incidences are directed towards the rapid movement of the new trends generation and if the organizations dont know about these rapid movements of new trends then the growth and development of the business operation of the organization may impede. In British Airways, world class bid of this organization, management with cutting edge in order to the program of ethical auditing, a deal is signed by this organization with the management system of BSI in relation to the entropy software provision. Environmental factors: Natural gifts are included on the factors of environment which keep contribution on the change management of an organization where lands, water, air all are comprised. In fact, the movement of cost efficiency of British Airways result turned out the production progress of British Airways in order to affiliation alert where it has been showed that for the purpose of ensuring more earning, the organizations should also think about the environmental factors. Legal factor: Legal system is consisting of the rules and regulations which are considered as the framework on the basis of which the business of British Airways operate. The activities of promotion keep contribution towards the development of the nations administration policies for example: natural environment can be polluted through ventures put off by others. Task 3: Change management is considered as the approach of structuring and strategy in order to initiating and managing the process of change at the structure and culture of organization along with the behaviour and attitude of individuals or team to the transition of change at the business process field, implementation of technology, or the organizational policies. There has been shown the dramatically increment of the pace of change. The feature of operating environment is high dynamism and ever more complex as faced by the business and managers. At the todays market place, for the purpose of continuing the success and competent the leadership of change, change is going to make necessary requirement where it is mostly related with the executive leadership skill. The organizational environment within which the operation of the organization is conducted now becoming complex, turbulent and not certain. Therefore, the application of the proper form of changes in the requirement of the environm ental challenges is applied for the long term sustainability of organizations. It also consists of the shifting of the organizations perceptions and beliefs in relation to the employees, customers, competitors and products Managing change is an important requirement for the success of strategy implementation that is also stated by Al-Abri (2007) who says that managing change controls the changes by plan, evaluation and implementation to make the changes worthy and relevant. But Dowson and Andriopoulos (2009) completely disagree with them because they say that managing change is the moving of new technologies and techniques to develop products and services so that organizations can compete in the market. Sengupta et al (2006) covers most of all issues of managing change and they more or less agree with all except Dowson and Andriopoulos because they establish managing change is as a set of factors like psychological, social, personal and demographic that introduces resists, modifies, alters and accepts the changes gradually. Task 4: Change management has consisted a goal which is related with the aspect of human to overcome the change resistance for the member of organization to buy into change and achieve the goal of British Airways of the transformation as orderly and effectiveness. The change management of the British Airways is considered as the both process and tools which are used by the management in order to making changes at the level of organization. It has been expected by most organization to implement the change along with the least resistance and also the most buy- in. For the purpose of occurring this, structured approach is used to implement change so that smooth operation of the transition from the behaviour of one type to other organization widely. Through following ways, the issues of change management can be dealt: At majority of the cases, the first responsibility of the management of British Airways is to processes or behavior identifying which is not proficient and coming up with new behaviors, processes, etc which are considered as more effective inside the organization. there has been occurred the identification of one changes, it is required for the manager to impact estimating which they should determine for the organization and the employee as individual at many levels such as: technology, employee behavior, work processes, etc. The main job of the management of British Airways is to provide supports to the workers of the organization by the changing process which is seemed to be very difficult. In addition, hard work is needed to adopt by the each and every individual and the whole organization in order to making modifications of necessary behavior. Task 5: The imposing or enforcing effective change is seemed to be impossible and very difficult. Unexpected results, inertia or best compliance as reluctant are leaded by the entire approach of top- down. Parish et al (2008) conducted the research which focuses towards the change antecedents for example: matching with vision, relationship quality of employee and manager, motivation to do the job, autonomy role, change commitment is influenced by all. Implementation success and improved performance have the great impact on the significant affective commitment in British Airways. At functional change in British Airways, training and development is considered as the significant part of it. The significance of it may identified in terms of new skills, attitudes and behaviors as required but it has also the aim of giving staff understanding and empowering them to increase confidence of them by pursuing continuous improvement (Burnes, 2004, and Kotter, 1996). There is needed to establish the comprehensive program of training along with the placing of the system for evaluation and feedback. Therefore, training resistance and common problems for example: inability of transferring new skills of the workplace; is discussed by Rusaw (2000), which stemmed from the struggle among the domination and efforts of the organization to employee emancipation.

Colosseum and the Speckles Organ Pavilion :: Compare Architecture Architectural Essays

Colosseum and the Speckles Organ Pavilion The city of San Diego has always been a popular site for tourists. Balboa Park is one of the main tourist sites that is home to an enormous collection of art, history and science museums, galleries, and the old globe theatres and the world famous San Diego zoo. Many of these buildings and musuems are based on Aztec and Spanish architecture. Unlike other buildings in Balboa Park, the Speckles Organ Pavilion has a unique blend of ancient Roman and western architecture. The Pavilion was designed by architecture Harrison Albright in 1914, a native San Diego. The Pavilion has remarkable resemblance to the Colosseum in Rome, Italy. Although the Organ Pavilion and the Colosseum are not exact duplicates, they are alike in basic structure format and share a purpose for similar contributions to the city. The Colosseum was an enormous entertainment center. Roman audiences watched a variety of athletic events and spectacles, including animal hunts, fights to the death between gladiators or between gladiators and wild animals, performances of trained animals and acrobats, and even mock sea battle. The colosseum is designed in an oval shape, like many stadiums today, and seats up to 50,000 spectators. The concrete core, with its vaulted corridors and stair ways is devised to ensure the smooth flow of traffic to and from the arena. The semi-circle outer walls of the Colosseum consist of three levels, the three Classical orders are superimposed according to their "weight": Doric, the oldest, on the first level, it's followed by the Ionic, then the third level the Corinthian capitals. These are the basic structures of the Colosseum in Rome. The Organ Pavilion is not a exact duplicate nor does it look anything like the Colosseum. There are some similarities between the the two architecture. For instance, the stage is elevated beneath a detailed arch, the arms "a Corithian peristyle effect" that curve out on the south side to encircle the outdoor audience. Along the arms are two row of 12 Corithian columns on each side. There are no vaults that are formed, the roof top is flat. This creates a walk way leading to the stage. The amphitheater can seat up to 2400 people. The seats are metal seats laid across a flat plane. This was hard for people in the back to see from the back because the seats were not elevated from the back.

Fighting Methods Essay

World War 1 Since fire power (guns) had now become the main weapon of use, people began to dig trenches and use them for protection/barracks for the war. They used a wave maneuver to attack other sides, where they swarmed over No-man’s land (huge danger of being shot from opposite side) to try to get in to the other side’s trenches to fight. This kind of attack caused many casualties because people became very vulnerable once on No-man’s land. Gas attacks were also used but they were hard to control since the wind could change direction and blow it back to your own side. People had to constantly have masks It caused a lot of suffering and immediate death (lungs deteriorated), If you didn’t die you were still severely affected. Psychologically as well. Tanks were invented and used, however they also had a difficult time because they continually got stuck in the mud. Tanks were first invented in this war. However they were rushed into combat before the idea of it was fully perfected. So they were usually defective. Very good for fighting, hard time on No-Mans land Places that were bombed a lot caused tanks to get stuck. They also broke down a lot. Out of 42 sent to the Battle of Somme, 32 actually could begin attacking, however only 9 made it across No-man’s land. World War 2 Tank became the dominating weapon Used other methods over land and sea unlike ww1 some sea battles were so expansive that sometimes ships could not even see each other because they sent aircrafts to bomb/sink the other side. America and Britain mainly used aerial warfare because it could be destructive enough to cause surrender (e.g. Hiroshima) AIR WARFARE: Strategic: used bombers to destroy the opposing side’s industries, cities, and morale. The ‘Heavy Bomber’ aircraft was used for this, primarily by british and American Troops Tactical: Used planes to attack opposing side’s army forces on the battlefield. They usually coordinated with their own troops on the ground The ‘Fighter Bomber’ was the plane they mainly used for this. It was fast and heavily armed/armored. NAVAL WARFARE: Submarines became a major danger to ships Germans used a ‘Wolf Pack’ technique where they ganged up and used coordinated attacks on shipping convoys American forces adopted this method and used it against the Japanese The normal type of submarine used was the ‘Torpedo’ and the most famous of these being the ‘Long Lance’ used by the Japanese, which sunk 4 cruisers. LAND WARFARE: Tanks: Fast, heavily armored and low to the ground. Armed with powerful large and small caliber guns. The Soviet ‘T-34’ was considered the best model. The Germans liked it so much that they copied it and called it a ‘Panther Tank’ Artillery: Was developed to have easy mobility. Guns were often mounted on tracked, self-propelled carriages. Hand-carried rocket launchers were widely used against tanks. Example of that would be the Bazooka. Small Arms: Small, semi-automatic hand guns were used. People liked them because you didn’t have to pull a lever or bolt, and they weren’t hard to reload. (simple) Similarities: Other than the fact that firepower was the main weapon of choice, the wars differed widely in fighting methods. Differences: – Tanks were changed from tall unwieldy vehicles that fought alongside troops, to an independent offensive weapon. – The range of different firepower weapons increased dramatically, as well as quality No longer fought in trenches or used the ‘storming’ technique. First world war was an offensive attack of the Germans, however the second was more about border conflict. New developments in technology for battle World war 1 Armored tanks (1915), Junkers (1918), Bomber (1916-1918), Garros (1915), Voison, Gas (1915), Synchronized guns (1916), Antiaircraft (1916), Bolt action rifle, Lee Enfield, Mauser Rifle World war 2 M1 Garand, MP43 (Sturmgewehr 44), Colt M1911, Bazooka, Panzerfaust Almost all types of technology were utilized, although major developments were: Weaponry; including ships, vehicles, aircraft, artillery, rocketry, small arms, and biological, chemical and atomic weapons. Logistical support; including vehicles necessary for transporting soldiers and supplies, such as trains, trucks, and aircraft. Communications and intelligence; including devices used for navigation, communication, remote sensing and espionage. Medicine; including surgical innovations, chemical medicines, and techniques Industry; including the technologies employed at factories and production/distribution centers. Similarities between the two wars In both technology dictated the way the war was fought and often dictated events on the battlefield. Differences between the two wars Technology was relatively primitive in world war 1, with most of the war being done in trenches. Early airplanes were used. Poisonous gas was deployed for the first time. In World War 2, tanks were used as the main deployment in many areas. Planes had improved, and bombers and fighters were heavily used. Submarines were also more heavily used. Encryption codes for secret also became more complex.

Problems In Accessing Health Care Health And Social Care Essay

Nepal has made important advancement in cut downing infant mortality in the last few decennaries. The infant mortality rate in Nepal has dropped from 113 per 1000 in 1987 to 48 per 1000 unrecorded births in 2006. However ; this diminution is non equal to run into the Millennium Development Goal ( MDG-4 ) .One of the grounds for this is, the hapless diminution in neonatal mortality rate ( NMR ) .The neonatal mortality accounts 69 per centum of IMR ( 33 in 48 ) .1 The MDG-4 can non be met unless we do more to cut down neonatal deceases, particularly in developing states in Africa and South Asia.2 Further betterment in infant endurance is critically linked to improved newborn endurance. Each twelvemonth 4 million babes die in the four hebdomads of life – the neonatal period. That is more than 10000 deceases a twenty-four hours. Most of these deceases are live and remain unseeable to all. Virtually, 99 per centum of these deceases occur in developing countries.2 Government wellness services are non the chief contact points while they become sick. When unwellness occurs, a scope of local attention suppliers are available. Choices are made within a web of traditional and allopathic options that besides encompasses sensed costs, geographical and climatic restraints, and the clip of twenty-four hours, the type of unwellness, cultural and spiritual concerns and opportunity. Seeking of medical aid is done merely after supplier shopping. Family patterns and behaviour drama a cardinal function in the attention of newborn. Inappropriate eating and other patterns predispose neonates to hazard of complications and delayed acknowledgment of unwellness and delayed wellness seeking may take to a potentially preventable decease. Hence it is of huge value to understand community perceptual experiences about newborn wellness in order to invent behavioral alteration communicating schemes. Newborn mortality remains a serious job in the underdeveloped universe. Every twelvemonth 30000 Nepali kids die before they are 28 yearss old.The state with a NMR 33 per 1000 unrecorded births has the 3rd highest neonatal mortality in the universe 1 The hazard of decease in the neonatal period in developing parts of the universe is more than six times the hazard in developed regions.3 To day of the month, Child endurance programmes in the development universe have tended to concentrate on Pneumonia, Diarrhoea, malaria and Vaccines preventable diseases, which chiefly causes deceases after the first month of life. In add-on Safe maternity programmes have focused chiefly on the female parent. Prevention of newborn deceases has been lost between kid endurance and safe maternity programmes. 1, 2,Rationale for the surveyThe pattern of appropriate wellness seeking has a great potency to cut down the happening of terrible and dangerous newborn unwellnesss. Information on the wellness seeking behavior helps the policy shapers set schemes to diminish the mortality due to Newborn unwellnesss. However, no such surveies have been reported from Nepal specially done Dalit community. Newborns attention is one of the national precedence plans. Governments are get downing to include newborn ‘s demands in national wellness policies in conformity with the Convention on the rights of the kid and other international committednesss. A few states are developing specific policies for newborn wellness ; for illustration, Nepal, had developed National Neonatal Health Strategy ( 2004 ) , National Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health- Long Term Plan ( 2006-2017 ) and Community Based Newborn Care Package ( CBNCP ) 2008. Improved family patterns and usage of services, frequently at the community degree, will increase newborn endurance. Behaviour, that is, attention for or usage of services by female parents and neonates, is cardinal. Therefore, this survey has been designed to measure the determiners of wellness seeking behavior for newborn unwellness in Dalit community, which will be a utile piece of information for policy shapers to put schemes to diminish newborn morbidity and mortality. Besides, it will be utile for the research worker to place the factors related to newborn unwellness and attention seeking behavior of Dalit community and hence develop farther research in this country. The intent of this survey is to measure wellness seeking behavior of the female parents during newborn unwellness and to observe the consequence of socio- demographic, socio-cultural, economic and disease-related variables, on female parent ‘s attention seeking behavior during newborn unwellness. The intent i s to measure the grounds for preferred attention seeking behavior and female parents ‘ cognition about danger marks of Newborns.Literature ReviewNewborn CareThe female parent should take her newborn babe to the nearest wellness attention installation ( SHP ) if the babe has/is, hapless eating or suction, hapless call, refusal to feed, stiffness of the organic structure, xanthous stain of organic structure, fast external respiration, bluish babe ( bluish lips ) , discharge from the Umbilicus or eyes, hot or cold babe on touch, being born excessively early or excessively little at birth, grunting respiration, lassitude, diarrhea, etc.9 About all believed in giving foremilks, although a few grandmas were against it, because they thought that it was old and stored milk, and therefore non good for the babe. Almost everyone believed in utilizing day-to-day addendums, H2O, or honey along with chest milk. Very few female parents expressed cognition about sole breastfeeding ; nevertheless, they were concerned that they may non be able to pattern due to the contrary sentiment of the grandmothers.8Causes of Neonatal DeathEstimates from 2000 of the distribution of direct causes of decease indicate that preterm birth ( 28 per centum ) , terrible infections ( 36 per centum ) , including sepsis/pneumonia ( 26 per centum ) , tetanus ( 7 per centum ) , and diarrhea ( 3 per centum ) , and complications of asphyxia ( 23 per centum ) history for most neonatal deceases. Of the staying 14 per centum, 7 per centum of deceases were related to inborn abnormalcies 2 Late neonatal deceases are chiefly due to infections. Case direction of neonatal infections is chiefly provided through child-health services, both in installations and through family-community attention. Remarkable advancement has been made in cut downing neonatal lockjaw, but riddance is an unfinished planetary committedness, originally scheduled for 1995, so broadened to maternal and neonatal lockjaw and postponed to 2005.12 Neonatal lockjaw is now responsible for a little proportion of planetary neonatal deceases ( 6 per centum ) and is about entirely a disease of the hapless. It is eminently preventable, but the universe looks set to lose the riddance mark for a 2nd clip, while turn overing out much more expensive intercessions, such as bar of mother-to-child transmittal of HIV/AIDS. 2Problems in accessing wellness attentionOn being asked about health-care seeking, most felt that it was appropriate to first seek home-based redresss and so seek medical attending. If medical atten ding was required, they preferred to take the kid foremost to the unqualified small town practicians and so to authorities infirmaries. Reasons for non taking a ill babe to the authorities infirmary included distant location, long waiting lines, and impolite and indurate behavior of the staff. 8 It is likely that Behavioural alteration intercessions and communications preparation of wellness services forces could potentially better opportunities for endurance if they result in neonates being seen quickly and serious unwellnesss being identified every bit early as possible. 9Newborn – A National PriorityGovernment of Nepal developed a national newborn wellness scheme program to the twelvemonth 2017 through a advisory procedure, affecting representatives from diverse backgrounds e.g. , neonatology, safe maternity, and community mobilization. Although strong leaders are of import, the power of civil society, including the imperativeness, should non be ignored. Community authorization should be a basis of programme design.12 Involving and authorising communities-not simply aiming them-seems to amplify the consequence of intercessions 12 and increases answerability of clinical attention suppliers.Dalit community – province of exclusionDespite the best attempts of Pl an Nepal to make them, many people within its programme countries have still non benefited. Those surveyed, peculiarly Terai Dalits rely about wholly on agribusiness. Unfair and exploitatory labor dealingss in the agribusiness sector contribute to the digesting want. More than 40 per centum of Madhesi Dalit families, in a province of practical bondage, depend on ; local money loaners, normally rich husbandmans, to survive.13 There are Madhesi Dalits 4.7 per centum of entire population Literacy rate of Dalit adult females was 11 per centum and life anticipation of Dalit adult females was 42.14 Dalits are most excluded, partially due to their deficiency of consciousness and partially to caste-based favoritism. Dalits have the highest per centum of unmet demand of contraceptive method about 35 per centum and 2nd last entree to Antenatal attention ( 58 per centum ) .14 These are the factors that Mothers and their neonates remains most vulnerable. Among Terai Dalits, although about all w ent to a wellness station, the pattern of health- seeking behavior is really really hapless. They go to wellness stations for immunisation but are loath to travel when they are sick.13Research AimsGeneral aim& A ; gt ; To place factors impacting wellness seeking behavior for newborn unwellnesss in Dalit community of Sunsari territorySpecific aims& A ; gt ; To place socio – demographic and socio – cultural factors act uponing the wellness seeking behavior for newborn unwellness. & A ; gt ; To research cognition of female parents act uponing the wellness seeking behavior for newborn unwellness. & A ; gt ; To happen out wellness seeking pattern for newborn unwellness. & A ; gt ; To measure the handiness and handiness of wellness services act uponing the wellness seeking behavior for newborn unwellness.Operational DefinitionsHealth seeking behaviorBehavior of neonate ‘s female parent who consulted for aid and intervention of newborn unwellness from authorities wellness installations and private hospitals/clinics was known as Health seeking behaviour.Dalit communityThe socially excluded group of people given the name as Dalits such as Mushahar, Chamar, Paswan, Tatma, Khatway, Bantar, Dom, Chidimar, Dhobi, Halkhor are considered as Dalit community, as mentioned in ( Caste/Ethnic Groupings, Planning Commission )Education of the female parentIt was defined as figure of schooling twelvemonth completed by the female parent. It included nonreader who can non read and compose and literate who can read and compose with formal schooling. Among literate, they were categorized as primary degree instruction ( formal schooling up to standard five ) , secon dary degree instruction ( formal schooling up to standard 10 ) and above secondary.Income position of the householdIt was categorized on the footing of adequateness of the household ‘s income to feed their household. There were four class of income position such as: – Daily earning and day-to-day disbursal that has to gain day-to-day for day-to-day nutrient – Adequate for one-three months whose annual income was equal for one to three months to feed their household? – Adequate for four to six months, households that had income adequate for four to six months to feed their household. – Adequate for seven to twelve months, households that had income adequate for seven to twelve months to feed their household.Knowledge of female parents sing symptoms of unwellnessKnowledge of the female parent was measured in footings of the figure of the right reply of marks and symptoms as reported by respondent and categorized it as hapless cognition, mean cognition and first-class cognition.MotherMother holding kids less than 6 month of age of the Inaruwa Ilaka, Sunsari. However the inquiry was asked to the female parent about the first month of her baby.Percept on behavior of wellness workersThe old experience of female parents with the behavior of the wellness worker.Use of free servicesIt refers to the cognition about the handiness of free wellness services at Government wellness Institution, addition in the figure of visit by female parent of neonate from Dalit community after deduction of free services and the perceptual experience of service hr.Percept on service H ourPercept of wellness installation gap clip which is really frequently 10am to 2pm.Appropriate attentionCare sought from qualified medical professionals in authorities wellness installations and private hospitals/clinics.Inappropriate attentionOther type of attention such as buying medical specialties from pharmaceutics, place redresss, sing pharmaceuticss, temples and traditional therapists was defined as inappropriate attention.Prompt attentionAny type of attention that was sought/given within 24 hours from the acknowledgment of the unwellnessConceptual modelReligionEducationAge Occupation Economic StatusNew Born Baby Care PracticeKnowledge of Mothers Regarding Symptoms of IllnessSocio Demographic and Socio CulturalNo. of New Born Baby Aware of handiness of wellness service Health Seeking Behavior for Newborn Illness Transportation system Accessibility of Health ServiceHousehold Decision MakerUse of free serviceMethodologyStudy DesignA descriptive and cross-sectional survey designStudy AreaThe survey will carry on in Inaruwa Ilaka of Sunsari District. The territory and Inaruwa Ilaka will be purposively selected for the survey. Sunsari territory is one of the eastern territories of Nepal consists of 15 Ilaka, 49 VDC and 3 Municipality.III. Data aggregation technique– Direct interview with female parents of babies.IV. Data aggregation tools– Pre tested structured and semi structured questionnaires will be used for direct interviewSampling frameEntire female parents holding kids less than 6 months of age of Inaruwa Illka from Dalits such as Mushahar, Chamar, Paswan, Tatma, Khatway, Bantar, Dom, Chidimar, Dhobi, Halkor are the sampling frame.Sampling DesignSimple Random SamplingSample sizeThe entire no of Dalit female parents ( 150 ) holding kids less than 6 months of age from the choice countries are the sa mple size.Ethical ConsiderationsData will be collected merely after blessing from Research Committee, School of Public Health ( SRM University ) after taken permission from District Health Office, Inaruwa Municipality and Village Development Committee. Consent of the caput of the household or Husband of the respondent and the consent of the respondent will be taken prior to roll up informations. The information collect in the survey is merely usage for the survey purposes no individualized information will be exposed.Restriction of the surveyMerely one Ilaka will be taken as the survey country and merely Dalit population are the survey population therefore the consequence may non be generalized to the big population. To obtain such information big graduated table survey is necessary.Bias ReductionChoice Bias MinimizeRandomizationInformation Bias MinimizeStructural InquirersConfusing Variable DecreaseMothers Having Baby less than 6 months of ageTime LineS.N Activities 1st Week 2nd Week 3rd Week 4th hebdomad 1 Sample Selection, Rapport Building and Data aggregation 2 Data Collection 3 Data Collection Data Compilation and Data Entry 4 Dada Analysis and Report Writing

The Articles of Confederation Essays

The Articles of Confederation Essays The Articles of Confederation Essay The Articles of Confederation Essay The years 1776 to 1787 are often considered to be the most important and fateful when compared to all other epochs of American History: the now self-proclaimed Americans, having rebelled against royal authority, needed to develop a new system of government in order to survive. To accomplish such a feat, they needed a basis on which to establish this new authority. Established in autumn of 1777 and fully ratified in 1781, the Articles of Confederation was Just this. These documents, at best a primitive constitution, were formed to be the basis of the federal government. While erectly serving as such, the Articles of Confederation subjected the united States to a series of problems In both domestic and foreign respects. Increasing In adversity with each aching year, these documents only brought about one good effect: they showed the Americans that a weak and disorganized government like the one during the Articles reign could never work. Regarding structure, the Articles of Confederation, or simply Articles, were relatively bare-bones when compared to the complex constitutions and declarations of government other countries had. It laid out simple and ultimately primitive government: the power of the government was to Ill solely In Congress, a group of delegates from all states. It was to be Congress and only Congress to create laws and run most of the government. This concept did not work well in practice: Congress, the only branch of the government, was weak and unable to bring about policy change for the country. First, all amendments to the Articles required a unanimous vote of all thirteen states something that was quite rare and even the simplest of national laws required a two-thirds majority to be established. This became a major issue. As a new country, a lot of issues were going to come forth to Congress, and due to the bureaucratic rules that were In place, It was difficult for a treaty or policy to be approved. Furthermore, the Articles did not allow for a national judicial system or an executive branch of government to be established. These policies, reflecting the lack of trust and respect for the British courts and monarchs from American politicians, allowed for perpetual and incessant bickering to persist, and also did not give the nation a single, strong leader to trust in. It made the united States a weaker and less Just nation, something that was very much needed In Its Infancy. For these reasons, the Articles, while In effect, made It very difficult for Congress to make any laws or utilize even the slightest of powers. During the eight year period in which the articles dictated American government, many injustices, misdeeds, and problems came to face them on their home land. The Articles damaged the frail union of states, created economic depression, and establish a period of instability for the infant united States. The major problem with he Articles In this respect Is that It gave far too much power to the Individual states. Again reflecting a mistrust of central government the British Empire the states were given special abilities and powers that allowed them to control the face of politics. Eventually, this devolved into state of corruption, wherein the states disrespected the federal government and pursued their own, sole interests. Instead acting as one body of peoples and ideals, they chose to act as if they were still colonies, something that the Articles allowed for. A major issue this brought about deader tax, states such as Rhode Island, as seen in this letter to Congress, decried, it would be unequal in its operation, bearing hardest on the most commercial states. (Document A). Rhode Island, like many other states, believed that that by granting to Congress a power to collect moneys from the commerce of these states, indefinitely as to time and quantity, and for the expenditure of which they are not to be accountable to the states, they would become independent of their constituents; and so the proposed impost is repugnant to the liberty of the United States. Document A). Essentially, it was believed that by establishing a tax to be utilized by the Continental Congress, they would be acting too much like the British, and by doing this they surrender the liberty they had fought so valiantly to grasp. The issue in this is that the states did not have to submit this tax, and in a nod of disrespect to the government, they chose not to; Congress c ould only acquire funds by asking the states for it. By doing this, the states condemned Congress to criticism and debt, thus causing further chaos for the blossoming country. This lack of funds is indicated in a letter to George Washington, sent from a delegate from Virginia: Every class of public creditors must know the inability of Congress to pay their demands, unless furnished with the means by the several States, and the exertions of that body have not been lacking heretofore to obtain the means. (Document C). This not only shows the negative and weak connotation many Americans had for Congress, but also how much power the states truly had. Essentially, the federal government was not to be trusted unless a state was supporting its ambitions financially. As also shown in the letter sent from Joseph Jones to George Washington, another major problem was resulting from the lack of funding: One ground of discontent in the army, and on which they found the opinion that Justice is not intended to be done to them is the delay in complying with their requests for bonuses and back pay (Document C). The soldiers were becoming restless at Congress inability to compensate them for their valorous deeds. This discontent eventually sprouted into something far worse: a complete lack to properly maintain a standing army and navy. In a time where military strength means life or death, this policy was incredibly dangerous. They were only months out of a bloody war with military behemoth Britain, they had perpetual land disputes with mighty Spain, and were under constant threat of attack and annihilation from anyone and from anywhere. And yet, the states did not bother much with this lack of Army, again showing their disregard for the federal government. In fact, they set up and maintained their own militias, which they often utilized for their own self-interests and protection. Adding insult to injury, the Articles gave Congress no authority to interfere with these misdeeds, conflicts which they helped catalyst. Another major issue with the Articles of Confederation was that it did not allow for national intervention in commerce and economy. Being the young and capitalist nation that it was, the United States had issues keeping its trade in order; States would often fight for control of small trades, often going to extremes for a quick buck. Since Congress had no power over national trade, they could not stop this. Thus, trade, the primary source of income of all states, as stifled by these conflicts. States began to draft and establish their own trade policies, placing tariffs and restrictions at their own will. Gradually, commerce began fight tooth and nail for trade, shattering the sense of unwavering union the country had Just months before the Articles of Confederation were ratified. Inflation spread as part of this economic decay, since the value of state printed money, something that was legal under the Articles, decreased, and the federal note was not in use. In 1779, none other than aristocrat George Washington wrote to acting Congressional President John Jay stating that, that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions. (Wisped). Since Congress essentially had no power to tax, Mr.. Jay and Congress responded to these crises by begging nearly fifty million dollars in funds from the States. In this response, Mr.. Jay appealed that the funds were the price of liberty, the peace, and the safety of yourselves and posterity. (Wisped). The ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation become blatantly apparent upon examining domestic American history during its use. It proved to be both harmful and restricting to the Americans who desperately craved wealth, comfort of living, security, and land. The total lack of unity in addition to the weakness of the Army and Navy kept the American government under the Confederation from achieving much in respect to foreign policy. If anything, the United States was set back in attempts to attain respect and instill fear in other countries eyes. It became apparent to Congress soon after the revolution that the Government needed to conduct proper, effective, and authoritative foreign policy. As Thomas Jefferson puts it, There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth. The states must see the rod. (Wisped). However, even under this spirit of change and expansion, few positive changes in foreign relations occurred. The issue of most importance in foreign policy was the control of the Mississippi River and relations with colonial rivals Spain and Britain, who posed the biggest threat to American expansion and prosperity in the Midwest and beyond. However, the Articles of Confederation stifled these aspirations. A poorly supplied and practically non-existent Army and Navy, brought about by another weakness of the Articles, made it impossible to flaunt or use power as a means of forcing treaties or making others surrender. The lack of a properly unified country, also caused by other weaknesses of the Articles, made it hard for Americans to act together for one goal. Foreigners would have no reasons to respect them, and thus their wishes. For example, in 1785, the US Minister to the British Empire was ordered by John Jay to, insist that the United States be put, thou further delay, into possession of all the posts and territories within their limits, which are now held by British Garrisons. (Document D). However, the British had no incentive to bow down to theirs wishes: the Americans could not behave them militarily from the frontier posts on US soil, since they had neither the troops nor the funds to do so. John Jay understood this, and further instructed the Minister, Mimi will represent in strong terms the losses which many of our and also of their merchants will sustain if the former be unseasonably and immoderately pressed for he payment of debts contracted before the war. (Document D). Even still, the British did not leave the land they occupied. They did not respect American ideals and boundaries and also realized that Congress really has no way to make them leave whatsoever. Another major defeat in American foreign relations occurred in 1786 that access to the Mississippi River for Americans be denied, and that they should also give up some of its western territories. The Mississippi River was crucial as both a supply route of goods, money, and people to the Western Territories, but also a humbly of American progress, accomplishment, and hope. Although the treaty was never ratified due to its immense unpopularity, its introduction represented something more significant. It showed, as did the incident with the British forts, that the young nation that its carries with its name no respect, and that it needs to improve itself in order to be more effective as a nation in the colonial world it resides in. As time progressed and the weaknesses of the Articles became increasingly apparent, many American citizens were beginning to develop animosity for the infamous documents and rules that dictated how their Government was run. These ideas eventually morphed into actions, and citizens started to actively rebel against their government leaders and protest the misdeeds they believed their rulers were committing. In one particular case, populist and veteran of the Revolutionary War Daniel Shays led a powerful rebellion against the Massachusetts government, which he believed has highly unreasonable tax policies, reasons that ironically parallel those of the American Revolution. His rebellion, while largely effective at conveying is anger, was eventually suppressed, but only by a militia force of three-thousand men. However, it wasnt Just the poorer citizens who were distraught by the Articles of Confederation: John Jay, the Congressional President himself, was unhappy with the Articles. He expressed these emotions to his friend and colleague George Washington, where he revealed, I am uneasy and apprehensive; more so than during the war Yet I did firmly believe we should succeed, because I was convinced that Justice was with us. The case is now altered; we are going and doing wrong, and Hereford I look forward to evils and calamities.. What I fear most is, that the better kind of people.. Ill be lead by the insecurity of property, the loss of confidence in their rulers, and the want of public faith and rectitude, to consider the charms of liberty as imaginary and delusive. A state of fluctuation and uncertainty must disgust and alarm such men, and prepare their minds for almost any change they may promise them quiet and security (Document G). Suggesting its ineffectiveness, many Americans grew to protest and despise the Articles of Confederation, the sole item hat was holding them back as a nation. While the Articles were only in use for a short period of time, its effects were felt for years thereafter. It, while in effect, destroyed the loose union that Americans held, ravished the economy and the military, brought about protests which could have caused another revolution, and generally caused the US to lose respect in the eyes of the world. It was not only entirely ineffective, it was counter-intuitive. The founding fathers based the new country on principles of liberty, prosperity, and security, and yet, they created and deified a document that did Just the opposite of that; the Articles of Confederation provided Americans with a weak and ineffective government, the lack of both an army and a navy, and economic troubles as well. In essence, the Articles proved to be the exact opposite of the kind of government the people of the Revolution dreamed of. However, it was not until the 1787 at the Constitutional Convention, ten years after attempts were made to learn from the mistakes of the past, in turn rectifying them and starting the country over, anew and free from its troubled past.